Skip to main content
Download PDF

Comparative study of ovarian development in wild and captive-reared long-whiskered Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822)

BMC Zoology volume 8, Article number: 10 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Long-whiskered catfish Sperata aor is a freshwater catfish known for its supreme flesh quality and fast growth, whose captive-reared broodstock denotes a difficult challenge for aquaculture. The reproductive dysfunctions in long-whiskered catfish raised in tank conditions were observed by comparing tissue biochemical composition and ovarian histology of wild female broodstock. Sixty (60) female broodstocks were used in the current study, consisting of 30 reared at sandy-muddy soil tank bottoms in captive conditions and 30 wild individuals collected from the haor basin during the breeding season. The fish reproductive state was investigated using the biometric and reproductive parameters, biochemical composition and levels of amino acids in the different tissues, and histological analysis of ovarian development. Results revealed that the biometrical parameters of wild and captive female broodstocks exhibited no remarkable difference (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the wild fish had remarkably higher (p < 0.05) GSI (8.73%), oocyte weight (0.45 mg/egg), and ripeness (27.08%) in comparison with captive-reared broodstock. The total length and body weight, body weight and ovary weight, ovipositor diameter and ovary weight, and GSI and HSI displayed a positive relationship with R2 = 1, R2 = 1, R2 = 0.993, and R2 = 0.973, respectively, for wild broodstock, while R2 = 0.994, R2 = 0.806, R2 = 0.804, and R2 = 0.896, respectively, for captive broodstock. Additionally, the proximate composition in oocytes and liver tissues in both broodstocks did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). However, two essential amino acids (EAA), i.e., lysine and phenylalanine, and two non-essential amino acids, i.e., glutamic acid and glycine, were highly significant differences (p < 0.05) in the oocytes and liver of wild broodstock compared to the captive-reared broodstock. On the other hand, the EAA, e.g., isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and arginine, were highly dominated in both wild and captive female brood oocytes and liver. The ovarian histological slides from each fish group showed three oocytes developmental stages that indicated the asynchronous-reproductive ovarian oocytes of this fish. This study may be useful to fully understand the factors affecting the spawning and reproduction of S. aor broodstock, crucial for management in captive conditions as well as conservation and protection for sustainable aquaculture management of S. aor.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Long-whiskered S. aor (Hamilton, 1822) is a large freshwater epibenthic teleost catfish with a wide range of geographical distribution which include Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Myanmar [1, 2]. This fish is a gonochoric species with asynchronous ovarian oocyte development and has several spawning times during the reproductive season [3, 4]. Long-whiskered catfish has been deemed among the most favored edible fish due to its rapid growth, excellent flesh quality, low number of intramuscular bones [1, 5], and great nutritional value with quality protein content [1, 6]. Recently, S. aor has a tremendous market demand in Bangladesh, triggering a growing interest in aquaculture production of this fish species.

However, this fish is now considered an endangered species owing to the substantial depletion of the natural breeding and feeding grounds along with climate change as well as human intervention [7,8,9]. Its domestication represents an effective tool [10] to protect from extinction as well as increase aquaculture production and competitiveness, hence providing protein security to human and sustainable aquaculture management of S. aor in the haor basin of Sylhet. However, it is an ambitious challenge for carnivorous fish to rear in captivity, especially when confined in tanks or earthen ponds, as they may manifest significant reproductive dysfunctions [10,11,12]. Additionally, the S. aor broodstock has not yet spawned in captive conditions but reproduced in nature, specifically in the freshwater haor basin and river. Therefore, the aquaculture sector requires innovative and sustainable research for the development of hormone-induced breeding strategies to meet the larval requirement of that fish for large-scale industrial development. On the other hand, many previous studies reported that the reproductive performance and oocytes quality in broodstock are influenced by numerous factors, such as housing and tank bottom condition [4], stress, genetics, nutritional status, egg over-ripening, broodstock age, environmental and water quality factors [13,14,15,16].

Previous studies [17, 18] stated that protein and amino acid are crucial bimolecular components, regulating key metabolic pathways and serving as precursors for the synthesis of biologically active substances for oocytes or eggs formation in the ovary of broodstock. Moreover, protein and lipid are the main components of egg yolk, which are actively utilized by broodstock as nutrient sources for reproductive development and early embryogenesis [11, 19]. Amino acid groups, especially isoleucine, leucine, glutamic acid, valine, alanine, lysine, serine, and aspartic acid, have a significant role in broodstock reproductive development, as reported by previous researchers [11, 15, 20, 21]. On the other hand, light microscopic observation of ovarian histology indicates the reproductive status and oocyte development stages of broodstock in the reproductive period [22, 23].

Many studies exist on the comparative analysis of wild and captive broodstock reproductive performance [10, 24, 25], biochemical composition [10, 26,27,28,29,30], amino acid profile [26, 28], and ovarian histological investigation [4, 10] in different species of fish. However, there is a lack of comparative analysis of reproductive development and tissue biochemical composition in the wild and captive S. aor female broodstock. Hence, the current work aimed to study the variability in reproductive development, ovary and liver biochemical and amino acid composition, and oocytes histological analysis in wild and captive female S. aor broodstock.

Materials and methods

Broodstock collection and husbandry condition

Sixty (60) female individuals (30 wild and 30 captive-reared) of long-whiskered catfish were used for this experiment. Six months before, sexually matured broodstocks were collected from the haor basin in late April to early May in 2020 and immediately brought to the Aquaculture Laboratory and then stocked in a large fiberglass tank (1000 L). A commercial diet (34% crude protein, 6% crude lipid, 18% ash, and 8% fibre-Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed Limited, Bangladesh) was used for feeding the fish until apparent satiation, given twice daily at 09.30 and 17.00 over 90 days of the experiment. On the other hand, wild broodstocks were collected from a fish landing center of the haor basin during the peak breeding season in late July to early August in 2020.

Biometrical and reproductive variables

For the analysis of the biometrical and reproductive variables, 10 broodstocks from each group were immediately transferred to the laboratory and subjected to anesthesia with MS222 at a dose of 0.1 g/L water. In each broodstock, ovipositor color was observed, and ovipositor diameter, body weight, and total length were recorded. After that, each broodstock’s body cavity was opened, and the liver, viscera, ovary, and fat were taken out and separately weighed. Oocytes, ovary weight, oocyte weight, relative fecundity, and oocyte ripeness were measured according to Kabir et al. [11] and Nandi et al. [19]. Moreover, the fish biometric and reproductive parameters were evaluated by using the following formulae:

  1. i.

    Hepatosomatic index (HSI) = (Liver weight/ Body weight) x 100.

  2. ii.

    Visceral somatic index (VSI) = (Viscera weight/ Body weight) x 100.

  3. iii.

    Gonadosomatic index (GSI) = (Gonad weight/ Body weight) x 100.

  4. iv.

    Intra-peritoneal fat (IPF) = (Fat weight/ Body weight) x 100.

  5. v.

    Condition factor (CF) = Final weigh (g)/ (Fish total length, cm)3.

  6. vi.

    Fecundity (eggs/ female BW) = (Total number of oocytes in female ovary/ Body weight).

  7. vii.

    Ripe oocytes (%) = Number of oocytes with yolk position near one edge of the oocyte/ Total number of oocytes counted) x 100.

Biochemical composition of liver tissues and oocytes

The proximate composition of broodstock liver tissues and oocytes was performed by employing the standard protocol of AOAC [31] with few modifications. Shortly, the Kjeldahl method was utilized to analyze crude protein (% N x 6.25), the Soxhlet apparatus was used to measure crude lipid by n-hexane extraction, and the Muffle furnace was used to determine ash after incinerating the sample at 550 °C for 6 h. Triplicate determinations were carried out on each sample analysis.

Amino acid profile in the liver and oocytes tissues

Analysis of fish liver and ovary tissues’ amino acids was carried out according to a standard procedure reported by Kabir et al. [11] and Kari et al. [32] with some modifications. Briefly, the test samples from each broodstock group were gathered and then refrigerated at -20°C until subsequent analysis. Each test sample’s amino acid content was assessed after hydrolyzing with 6 N HCL by heating at 110°C for 24 h, and then derivatization with AccQ Fluor reagent (6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimdylcarbamate) was performed, followed by chromatographic separation employing an AccQTagTM reversed phase (RP) analytical column (3.9 × 150 mm, length x inner diameter). The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) system with a Waters 1525 Binary HPLC Pump, 717 Plus auto-sampler (R), and Waters 2475 Multi λ Fluorescence detector (250 nm wavelength, 395 nm emission), was employed to determine the amino acid profile. For quantitative determination, the α-amino butyric acid (AABA) was utilized as an internal standard. In addition, Acetonitrile and AccQTagTM were utilized as eluents. Integration, identification, and quantification of chromatographic peaks were made with the use of BreezeTM software version 3.20 by comparing them with known standards (Amino acid standard H, Pierce, Rockford, Illinois, USA). In the present study, amino acids, such as cysteine, methionine, and sulfur amino acids, were not investigated, and verified the test samples with three replicates.

Histological investigation of ovary

The histomorphological investigation of broodstock ovary was performed according to minor modifications of the Saxena et al. [33] method. Shortly, a total of 4 fish from each group were selected randomly and anesthetized with MS222 at a dose of 0.1 g/L water. The fish was then cut ventrally, and transverse sections of the ovary’s anterior, middle, and posterior parts were collected and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Then, each transverse section was processed and dehydrated in graded ethanol series, embedded in a paraffin block, sectioned (8 μm), and stained in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) solution. The histological slides were observed under a compound light microscope (Olympus BX43), and a digitalized camera (Olympus Xcam-Alpha, Germany) was used to capture microphotographs. Furthermore, the classification of various phases of oocyte development in the broodstock ovary was performed according to the method used previously [4, 34]. In brief, this study involved the examination of ten ovarian oocytes histological slides from wild and captive broodfish under a light microscope (Olympus BX43). Then, the total number of oocytes within each stage of development was measured based on the morphological features like presence of nucleus, yolk granule or vesicle and the average values were determined. Subsequently, the frequency percentage distribution was calculated by dividing the oocyte counts in each stage by the total number of oocytes counted and multiplying the values by 100.

Environmental parameters

The monthly mean temperature and rainfall data were collected from the meteorological department of Sylhet divisional office from January to December in 2020.

Statistical analysis

The female broodstock’s biometrical, reproductive, proximate, and amino acids composition, oocyte development stages, and environmental data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 26.0 using an independent sample t-test with the mean values for comparing the wild and captive broodstock. Significant differences were considered when p < 0.05. Presented data are in the form of mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Results

Biometrical and reproductive parameters

Table 1 displays the biometrical and reproductive variables of wild and captive female S. aor broodstock. The mean values of total length, body weight, HSI, VSI, IPF, and CF of wild and captive broodstock were not remarkably varied (p > 0.05) in this study. Similar to this, the reproductive indices in terms of ovary weight, ovipositor diameter, and fecundity did not exhibit any significant variances (p > 0.05) between broodstock groups. However, the significantly highest (p < 0.05) GSI, oocyte weight, and egg ripeness were found in wild broodstock as compared to broodstock raised in captivity with numerical values of 8.73 ± 0.06, 0.45 ± 0.03 and 27.08 ± 3.33, respectively. Moreover, the ovipositor color of both wild and captive broodstock ranged from reddish to pinkish.

Table 1 Biometrical and reproductive indices of female S. aor broodstock (n = 30). Data presented are expressed as mean ± SD.
Full size table

Relationship between biometric and reproductive variables

The linear regression relationship between biometrical and reproductive parameters of wild and captive broodstocks is illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. The body weight and total length of wild and captive-reared fish displayed a strong positive relationship (R2 = 1.000 and 0.994, respectively). Similarly, both body weight and ovipositor diameter were highly correlated with their o`varian weight, with R2 = 1.000 and 0.993, respectively, for wild fish and R2 = 0.806 and 0.804, respectively, for captive fish. Additionally, the broodstock GSI had a strong correlation with HSI, with R2 values of 0.973 and 0.896, respectively, for wild and captive fish.

Fig. 1
figure 1

A. Relationship between total length and body weight, B. Body weight and ovarian weight, C. Ovipositor diameter and ovarian weight, and D. GSI and HSI of wild female S. aor

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

A. Relationship between total length and body weight, B. Body weight and ovarian weight, C. Ovipositor diameter and ovarian weight, and D. GSI and HSI of captive female S. aor

Full size image

Biochemical composition of liver and oocytes tissues

The proximate composition of the liver and oocytes of captive and wild broodstock are shown in Table 2. In this investigation, there had no substantial differences (p > 0.05) between the captive and wild fish tissues’ proximate composition, such as protein, lipid, and ash content. However, liver and oocytes from wild broodstock had numerically higher protein and lipid than those from captive female broodstock. In addition, the oocytes contained a higher amount of ash in each broodstock group compared with the liver tissue of both condition broodstock.

Table 2 Proximate composition (% dry matter basis) of female S. aor broodstock liver and oocytes (n = 3). Data presented are expressed as mean ± SD.
Full size table

Amino acid composition of liver

The amino acid profile of the liver from the wild and captive-reared broodstock is shown in Table 3. The amino acid deposition in the liver exhibited no remarkable differences (p > 0.05) between the test fish groups, except for some cases. The amino acids such as lysine, phenylalanine, and glycine were remarkably varied (p < 0.05) between the broodstock groups, and their highest (p < 0.05) values were noted in the wild fish liver. Threonine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine were the most predominant essential amino acids (EAAs), while glutamic acid and glutamine predominated among nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) in both fish groups.

Table 3 Amino acid composition (% dry matter basis) of liver tissue of female S. aor broodstock (n = 3). Data presented are expressed as mean ± SD.
Full size table

Amino acid composition of oocytes

The amino acid content in the broodstock oocytes is mentioned in Table 4. The lysine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid were remarkably greater (p < 0.05) in the oocytes of wild broodstock with mean and standard deviations of 3.46 ± 0.01%, 3.66 ± 0.01%, and 10.49 ± 0.01%, respectively, while captive broodstock oocytes contained a significantly greater (p < 0.05) concentration of glycine (4.92 ± 0.00%). However, other amino acid profiles in the oocytes of wild and captive S. aor broodstock followed no discernible variations (p > 0.05). The most distributed EAAs in wild and captive broodstock oocytes were arginine, followed by isoleucine, leucine, and threonine.

Table 4 Amino acid composition (% dry matter basis) of oocytes of female S. aor broodstock (n = 3)
Full size table

Histological analysis of ovary

The histomorphological examination of the ovary in the reproductive season demonstrated that ovary contained oocytes at various developmental stages which were divided into three groups: the peri nucleolus oocyte (PNO), yolk vesicle oocyte (YVO), and yolk granule oocyte (YGO) (Fig. 3). Additionally, the frequency percentage distribution of different stages of oocyte development in captive and wild broodstocks are summarized in Table 5. In this study, the oocyte development phases, such as PNO and YVO, were remarkably varied (p < 0.05), while YGO displayed no notable variation (p > 0.05) between the fish groups.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Microphotographs of ovarian histology, illustrating the oocyte development of (A) wild and (B) captive-reared S. aor broodstock. All photographs were captured at 10X magnification and 100 px scale bar. PNO: Peri nucleolus oocytes, YG: Yolk granulose, N: Nucleus, CY: Cytoplasm, and V: Vacuoles

Full size image
Table 5 Frequency distribution of various phases of wild and captive broodstock oocytes (n = 10)
Full size table

Environmental parameters

Figure 4 illustrates the environmental parameters, such as average temperature and rainfall, in the experimental site of Sylhet Agricultural University between January and December, 2020. The average maximum temperature gradually rose, with April recording the highest readings (35°C). In contrast, December had the lowest average maximum temperature ever recorded (25.9°C). The total amount of rainfall rose consistently from January to April and then dramatically increased up to June before declining in the next month. The total rainfall began to rise again just after July and reached its peak in August (790.8 mm) and then drastically decreased in the following months.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Variations of annual temperature (A) and rainfall (B) in the experimental site of Sylhet Agricultural University

Full size image

Discussion

Fish rearing conditions and environmental variations have noteworthy impacts on the reproductive state of fish, especially in long-whiskered catfish. Therefore, these findings provided insights into observing the reproductive development, egg quality, tissue biochemical composition, and ovarian histology of captive-reared and wild female S. aor during the reproductive season. According to the findings of this work, there were no considerable variations between the wild and farmed broodstock biometrical indices in terms of total length, body weight, HSI, VSI, IPF, and CF. The present outcomes are parallel with the previous studies’ results [35, 36]. However, the reproductive parameters, especially GSI, oocyte weight, and ripeness, were highly significant between the broodstock groups. As the broodstock used in this study were sexually matured enough (weight: 360–390 g and size: 36–38 cm) and therefore, the present results indicated that the available nutrients and energy source were utilized by fish for their reproductive and oocyte development instead of somatic growth. GSI is a valuable tool that demonstrates the reproductive progress of broodstock. A higher mean value of GSI in wild-caught broodstock suggested that those fish had better reproductive development than the fish in captivity. Zupa et al. [10] agreed with this result and found that wild Seriola dumerili had a significantly higher GSI during the spawning period than the captive broodstock. Similar outcomes were also noted in Pimelodus maculatus [37], Melanotaenia boesemani [38], and Planiliza parsia [39]. This variation of GSI may be attributed due to the discrepancy in egg weight and ripeness in the female ovary. Jabed et al. [3] reported that the uptake of liver protein, such as vitellin, into the gonad during the reproductive period significantly increases ovary weight. In parallel with our finding, previous literature [4, 36] documented that the broodstock fecundity was not greatly affected by various environmental conditions. Nevertheless, an opposite outcome was also noted in Clarias batrachus [24] and Setipinna phasa [25]. The wild and captive fish oocytes’ weight and ripeness were demonstrated to be significantly different. The equivalent outcomes were also noted in Buitta catfish Sperata sp [4]. Even though the fish in this trial was of identical size, the variations in some reproductive parameters might have been produced due to the environmental effects which encourage oocyte development in broodstock.

The regression result in this observation revealed that there had a strong correlation between the body weight and total length of wild and captive fish, indicating that fish length significantly increased with the body weight increment. This result is paralleled with previous reports [3, 22, 40]. The body weight and ovipositor diameter exhibited a positive relationship with ovary weight in each broodstock group. This relationship is a valuable indication of the reproductive development of broodstock with reference to its size. The oocyte output is increased with the increase in size, while larger fish have increased ovarian mass, egg diameter, and quantity [3, 41, 42]. Furthermore, Hismayasari et al. [38] revealed that the rainbow fish’s GSI and HSI values were highly correlated (R2 = 0.83), which is almost similar to our finding, where R2 > 0.89 for both test fish.

The biochemical composition of the liver and oocytes showed no significant alteration between the fish from captive and wild conditions in this study. Nonetheless, the protein and lipid content of both tissues were numerically higher in the wild than in the captive broodstock. Zupa et al. [10] published equivalent outcomes in captive and wild Seriola dumerili oocytes during early and advanced gametogenesis stages. The liver and oocyte nutritional profile is an egg quality indicator during the reproductive season, as the oocytes must satisfy the nutritional requirements of larval and embryonic growth [43, 44]. The liver and oocytes’ protein and lipid content also had a profound effect on broodstock size, ovipositor diameter, GSI, HSI, fecundity, oocytes weight, and ripeness [44, 45]. However, this finding showed that the proximate content was comparatively higher in the oocytes of both fish groups as compared to their liver. During gametogenesis, embryonic and early larval development of fish, protein, and lipids mobilize to the ovary from the liver [46]. Therefore, protein and lipid deposition in the oocytes was much higher than in the liver. These results have coincided with the findings of many previous literatures [4, 11, 47, 48]. Moreover, the ash content in the tissues of wild and tank-reared broodstock was not significantly varied. This could be due to almost identical minerals availability in the broodstock habitat environment. Kabir et al. [44] indicated that a higher level of inorganic phosphate is an essential ion for nucleic acid synthesis, ATP, and glycolysis in broodstock eggs. The amino acid composition in the liver and oocytes are vital molecules for the reproductive development of broodstock. In this observation, it was depicted that both wild and captive fish liver and oocytes had identical amino acids, except for lysine, phenylalanine, glycine, and glutamic acid. These amino acids were notably greater in the wild broodstock’s tissues as compared to the broodstock in captivity. The consumption of various natural foods and diverse environmental conditions might be the possible reasons for getting better results in wild fish. Further, the liver and oocytes may likely have a relationship since, during oocytes development, essential nutrients are transferred to the eggs from the liver through blood. Numerous researchers documented similar results in Symphysodon aequifasciata [49], Gadus morhua L [15]., C. gariepinus [35], Oncorhynchus mykiss [29]. Conversely, Ovissipour et al. [50] detected no remarkable variations in the amino acids of domestic and wild Beluga Huso huso ovary. The information on amino acid composition could be a valuable biomarker for identifying the specific amino acid in feed for the broodstock diet development of long-whiskered catfish aquaculture in captivity.

Ovarian histological analysis is one of the best ways to observe the sexual maturity and gonadal development of broodstock during the reproductive period. Numerous scientists [23, 51, 52] stated that histomorphological characteristics of the ovary provide important details on the stages of oocyte development and peak spawning season. The histological results showed that all the oocytes in the female ovary did not develop at a time, reflecting that this fish had an asynchronous ovarian oocyte development. Similar oocyte development patterns were also noted in Trachurus trachurus [53], Pangasianodon hypophthalmus [44], Channa striatus [54], C. lazera [55], and C. gariepinus [56, 57] and S. aor [3]. Moreover, the data on the frequency distribution of different stages of oocyte development revealed that captive fish ovaries had significantly higher and lower PNO and YVO, respectively, rather than wild fish ovaries. However, the percentage of YGO remained unchanged between the broodstock groups. Amzad et al. [22] and Sumon et al. [4] coincided with these results under different environmental conditions. Overall, the histological data revealed that wild fish might have an improved quality of eggs (especially GSI, oocyte weight, and ripeness) and also trigger the oocyte development stages, which in turn ripe the eggs quickly as compared to captive fish.

During the experiment, the highest value of temperature and rainfall was noted in April and August, respectively. The temperature and rainfall may have great impacts on the GSI, fecundity, and oocyte development of female broodstock [58, 59]. Furthermore, the reproduction ovarian oocytes development of fish may be affected by numerous factors, including rainfall, water temperature, and photoperiod, along with physicochemical features of water and features relating to the fish holding conditions [54, 60,61,62,63,64]. An overall variation of reproductive traits and ovarian development of broodstock in this study might be due to the environmental variables, habitat rich, and food.

Conclusions

In summary, the intraspecific differences in some reproductive variables and two essential amino acids in liver and oocytes between wild and captive broodstock reveal variability in reproductive ovarian oocytes development, possibly due to a lack of environmental suitability, husbandry requirement, and nutritional status in food and diet. Additionally, the wild broodstock had more matured oocytes in their ovaries compared to the captive individuals, indicating that captivity may disrupt with the reproductive ovarian oocytes development progress of S. aor. Therefore, the present study highlights the need for an improvement in raising aquaculture technology for S. aor, which should include the formulation of a specific diet with amino acids supplementation, such as phenylalanine and lysine, to overcome the reproductive plasticity in captivity compared to wild breeders. Further study may be needed to determine the specific test diet for the development of S. aor broodstock in captive conditions.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author [Muhammad Anamul Kabir and Zulhisyam Abdul Kari].

References

  1. Chondar S. Biology of finfish and shellfish. SCSC Publishers (India), West Bengal;; 1999.

  2. Iqbal MM, Alam MMM, Kabir MA, Pálsson S. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA variation revealed an undescribed lineage under the genus Sperata (Bagridae) in Bangladesh. Acta Zool. 2018;99(2):177–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jabed MN, Hossain MA, Mian S, Kabir MA, Mazumder SK, Iqbal MM. Some aspects of reproduction in long whiskered catfish, Sperata aor (Hamilton 1822), from North-East Bangladesh. Aquaculture Stud. 2021;21(2):47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sumon MAA, khanam M, Kabir MA, Kari ZA, Iqbal MM, Wei LS, et al. Effects of environmental enrichments on ovarian development of Buitta Catfish (Sperata sp.: Family Bagridae) in captivity. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2023;49(1):81–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2022.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Talwar PK, Jhingran AG. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. CRC press; 1991.

  6. Khawaja DK. Biochemical composition of the muscle of some freshwater fishes during the pre-maturity phase. Fish Technol. 1966;3(3):94–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Meza Mori G, Rojas-Briceño NB, Cotrina Sánchez A, Oliva-Cruz M, Olivera Tarifeño CM, Hoyos Cerna MY, et al. Potential current and future distribution of the Long-Whiskered Owlet (Xenoglaux loweryi) in Amazonas and San Martin, NW Peru. Animals. 2022;12(14):1794.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Jamil Emon F, Rohani MF, Sumaiya N, Tuj Jannat MF, Akter Y, Shahjahan M, et al. Bioaccumulation and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Fishes&mdash;A Review. Toxics. 2023;11(6):510.

  9. Mohd Dali MZ, Umar R, Ismail N, Juahir H, Mohd Nasir MSA, Khaleel AG, et al. Detection and management of freshwater invasive alien species through environmental DNA analysis and Geographic Information Systems: a review. Sustainability. 2023;15(12):9497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zupa R, Rodríguez C, Mylonas CC, Rosenfeld H, Fakriadis I, Papadaki M, et al. Comparative study of Reproductive Development in Wild and Captive-Reared Greater Amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810). PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kabir MA, Ghaedi A, Talpur AD, Hashim R. Effect of dietary protein levels on reproductive development and distribution of amino acids in the body tissues of female Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) broodstock in captivity. Aquac Res. 2015;46(7):1736–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kabir MA, Munir MB, Alias S, Leja A, Lee S, Hashim R. Effect of different dietary lipid levels on spawning performance and egg quality of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878). Asian Fish Sci. 2019;32:138–46.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brooks S, Tyler CR, Sumpter JP. Egg quality in fish: what makes a good egg? Rev Fish Biol Fish. 1997;7(4):387–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018400130692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bobe J, Labbé C. Egg and sperm quality in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2010;165(3):535–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.02.011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lanes CFC, Bizuayehu TT, Bolla S, Martins C, de Oliveira Fernandes JM, Bianchini A, et al. Biochemical composition and performance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) eggs and larvae obtained from farmed and wild broodstocks. Aquaculture. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.10.036. 324–325:267 – 75; doi.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Harlıoğlu MM, Farhadi A. Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency in crayfish: implications for aquaculture. Aquac Res. 2017;48(5):1983–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Meijer AJ. Amino acids as regulators and components of nonproteinogenic pathways. J Nutr. 2003;133(6):2057S–62S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.6.2057S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bromke MA. Amino acid biosynthesis pathways in Diatoms. Metabolites. 2013;3(2):294–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Nandi SK, Suma AY, Rashid A, Kabir MA, Goh KW, Abdul Kari Z, et al. The potential of Fermented Water Spinach Meal as a fish meal replacement and the Impacts on Growth Performance, Reproduction, blood biochemistry and gut morphology of female stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). Life. 2023;13(1):176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Harpaz S. l-Carnitine and its attributed functions in fish culture and nutrition—a review. Aquaculture. 2005;249(1):3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hernandez de-Dios MA, Tovar-Ramírez D, Maldonado García D, Galaviz-Espinoza MA, Spanopoulos Zarco M, Maldonado-García MC. Functional additives as a Boost to Reproductive Performance in Marine Fish: a review. Fishes. 2022;7(5):262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Amzad HM, Sohel M, Mariya A, Fazley RA, Marine S, Rahman M, et al. Ovarian biology of spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus) from natural wetlands of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Annals of Veterinary and Animal Science. 2015;2(3):64–76.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cimadomo D, Fabozzi G, Vaiarelli A, Ubaldi N, Ubaldi FM, Rienzi L. Impact of maternal age on oocyte and embryo competence. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00327

  24. Charan R, Dube K, Suresh Babu P, Dam Roy S, Sharma R, Rao PS, et al. Comparison of reproductive performance of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from three indian rivers. Indian J Fish. 2016;61(3):57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chaubey BK, Bano F, Serajuddin M. Comparative study of Reproductive Traits in Gangetic Hairfin Anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) from Estuarine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci. 2021;21(4):179–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang Y, Yu S, Ma G, Chen S, Shi Y, Yang Y. Comparative study of proximate composition and amino acid in farmed and wild Pseudobagrus ussuriensis muscles. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2014;49(4):983–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. González-Félix ML, Urquidez-Bejarano P, Perez-Velazquez M, Castro-Longoria R, Vazquez-Boucard CG. Biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of gonads from wild and cultured shortfin corvina (Cynoscion parvipinnis) during the early maturation stage. Archives of Biological Sciences. 2017;69(3):491–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Serrano E, Simpfendorfer R, Paillaman J, Sánchez JC. Comparative studies on nutritional composition of captive and wild southern hake Merluccius australis broodstocks. Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr. 2020;55(3):177–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Baki B, Kaya Öztürk D, Tomgisi S. Comparative analysis of egg biochemical composition and Egg Productivity Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) in different Stations in Turkey. Aquaculture Stud. 2021;21(3):117–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pountney SM, Lein I, Selly S-LC, Migaud H, Davie A. Comparative proximate analysis of wild and captive lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs show deficiencies in captive eggs and possible egg quality determinants. Aquaculture. 2022;557:738356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. AOAC M. Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis. AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis. 1990;1:69–90.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kari ZA, Kabir MA, Dawood MAO, Razab MKAA, Ariff NSNA, Sarkar T, et al. Effect of fish meal substitution with fermented soy pulp on growth performance, digestive enzyme, amino acid profile, and immune-related gene expression of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture. 2022;546:737418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Saxena N, Patiyal RS, Dube K, Tiwari VK. Ovarian maturation and histological observations of Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) in captivity. Indian J Anim Res. 2018;52(5):695–701.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Brown-Peterson NJ, Wyanski DM, Saborido-Rey F, Macewicz BJ, Lowerre-Barbieri SK. A standardized terminology for describing Reproductive Development in Fishes. Mar Coastal Fisheries. 2011;3(1):52–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.555724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ibhadon S, Abdulsalami M, Emere M, Yilwa V. Comparative study of proximate, fatty and amino acids composition of wild and farm-raised african catfish Clarias gariepinus in Kaduna, Nigeria. Pakistan J Nutr. 2015;14(1):56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Aydin I, Polat H, Sahin T. Reproductive performance of wild and hatchery-reared black sea turbot, psetta maxima, in the southern black sea coast. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci. 2019;20(5):351–7.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Arantes FP, Borçato FL, Sato Y, Rizzo E, Bazzoli N. Reproduction and embryogenesis of the mandi-amarelo catfish, Pimelodus maculatus (Pisces, Pimelodidae), in captivity. Anat Histol Embryol. 2013;42(1):30–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01160.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hismayasari IB, Marhendra APW, Rahayu S, Saidin SD, Supriyadi D. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and proportion of oocytes stadia as an indicator of rainbowfish Melanotaenia boesemani spawning season. Int J Fisheries Aquat Stud. 2015;2(5):359–62.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kumar P, Behera P, Biswas G, Ghoshal TK. Oocyte growth, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and levels of reproductive hormones in goldspot mullet Planiliza parsia (Hamilton, 1822) reared in captivity. Indian J Fish. 2022;69(1).

  40. Mian S, Shah A, Hossain M, Iqbal M, Hossain M, Debnath P. Reproductive biology of captive reared spotted snakehead, Channa punctatus (Bloch 1793) channidae. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 2020;9(2):8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kulabtong S. Biological data of burmese carplet Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii (Blyth, 1860) in South Myanmar (Cypriniformes Cyprinidae): a preliminary report. Biodivers J. 2016;7(2):253–6.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hagmayer A, Furness AI, Reznick DN, Pollux BJA. Maternal size and body condition predict the amount of post-fertilization maternal provisioning in matrotrophic fish. Ecol Evol. 2018;8(24):12386–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4542

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Izquierdo MS, Fernández-Palacios H, Tacon AGJ. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture. 2001;197(1):25–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00581-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kabir MA, Ghaedi A, Hashim R. Ovarian development and sexual maturation of female striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) reared in captivity. Asian Fish Sci. 2012;25(3):232–44.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Rønnestad I, Thorsen A, Finn RN. Fish larval nutrition: a review of recent advances in the roles of amino acids. Aquaculture. 1999;177(1):201–. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00082-4. 16; doi.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sargent JR, Tocher DR, Bell JG. 4 - The Lipids. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW, editors. Fish Nutrition (Third Edition). San Diego: Academic Press; 2003. p. 181–257.

  47. Norambuena F, Estevez A, Bell G, Carazo I, Duncan N. Proximate and fatty acid compositions in muscle, liver and gonads of wild versus cultured broodstock of senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.05.018. 356–357:176 – 85; doi.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Song C, Zhao F, Zhang T, Zhang T, Huang X, Yang G, et al. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile in different tissues of wild adult female Coilia mystus in Yangtze Estuary. Indian J Anim Res. 2020;30(6):1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Chong ASC, Hashim R, Ali A, Hara K. Amino Acid Profile of various body tissues and Eggs of Discus Fish, Symphysodon aequifasciata. J Appl Aquac. 2004;16(1–2):157–68. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v16n01_14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ovissipour M, Rasco B. Fatty acid and amino acid profiles of domestic and wild beluga (Huso huso) roe and impact on fertilization ratio. J Aquac Res Dev. 2011;2(113):104172.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Uddin S, Hasan MH, Iqbal MM, Hossain M. Study on the reproductive biology of vietnamese climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch). Punjab Univ J Zool. 2017;32(1):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jega IS, Miah MNI, Huda N, Rah M, Fate MK, Shahjahan M. Reproductive Biology of the threatened Menoda Catfish, Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton, 1822) in the Kangsha River, Bangladesh. J Fish Aquat Sci. 2017;13:39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ndjaula HO, Hansen T, Krüger-Johnsen M, Kjesbu OS. Oocyte development in captive Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus. ICES J Mar Sci. 2009;66(4):623–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ghaedi A, Kabir MA, Hashim R. Oocyte development and fecundity of snakehead murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch 1793) in captivity. Asian Fish Sci. 2013;26(1):39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Emam MA, Abughrien B. Seasonal histological changes in gonads of the catfish (Clarias lazera). Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal. 2014;5(1):1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Elias NS, Abouelghar GE, Sobhy HM, Elmeniawy HF, Elsaiedy EG. Sublethal effects of the herbicide thiobencarb on fecundity, histopathological and biochemical changes in the african catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Iran J Fisheries Sci. 2020;19(3):1589–614.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Okoye CN, Udoumoh AF, Igwebuike UM, Okereke CT. Ovarian morphology and development of 3 to 8 months old african catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Comp Clin Pathol. 2018;27(4):887–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2678-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Khallaf A, Alne-na-ei E, El-messady A, Hanafy F. Effect of climate change on growth and reproduction of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) from Bahr Shebeen Canal, Delta of Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Biology Fisheries. 2020;24(5):483–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hasan MR, Hossain MY, Mawa Z, Hossain MAR. Reproductive biology of Heteropneustes fossilis in a wetland ecosystem (Gajner Beel, Bangladesh) in relation to eco-climatic factors: suggesting a sustainable policy for aquaculture, management and conservation. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(2):1160–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Glasser F, Mikolajczyk T, Jalabert B, Baroiller JF, Breton B. Temperature effects along the reproductive axis during spawning induction of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2004;136(2):171–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.12.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bapary MAJ, Takemura A. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive condition and performance of a tropical damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea during different phases of the reproductive season. Fish Sci. 2010;76(5):769–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-010-0272-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Pankhurst NW, Munday PL. Effects of climate change on fish reproduction and early life history stages. Mar Freshw Res. 2011;62(9):1015–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Servili A, Canario AVM, Mouchel O, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Climate change impacts on fish reproduction are mediated at multiple levels of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2020;291:113439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Brulé T, Renán X, Colás-Marrufo T. Potential impact of Climate Change on Fish Reproductive phenology: a Case Study in Gonochoric and Hermaphrodite commercially important species from the Southern Gulf of Mexico. Fishes. 2022;7(4):156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research article is a collaboration between Sylhet Agricultural University, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, King Abdulaziz University, Mindanao State University-Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography and University of Arkansas. These collaborations are a part of the planning by Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group – ALAReG under Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus.

Funding

This work was mainly funded by the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the scheme of Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2022/STG03/UMK/03/1) and partially supported by USDA-NIFA Sustainable Agriculture Systems, Grant No. 2019-69012-29905. Title of Project: Empowering US Broiler Production for Transformation and Sustainability USDA-NIFA (Sustainable Agriculture Systems): No. 2019-69012-29905.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh

    Muhammad Anamul Kabir, Shishir Kumar Nandi & Mahbuba Khanam

  2. Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh

    Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal

  3. Marine Biology Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Md Afsar Ahmed Sumon

  4. College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University-Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Sanga-Sanga, Bongao, 7500, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines

    Albaris B. Tahiluddin

  5. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Zulhisyam Abdul Kari & Lee Seong Wei

  6. Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Muhammad Anamul Kabir, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari & Lee Seong Wei

  7. Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA

    Guillermo Téllez-Isaías

Authors
  1. Muhammad Anamul Kabir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shishir Kumar Nandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mahbuba Khanam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Md Afsar Ahmed Sumon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Albaris B. Tahiluddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Lee Seong Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Guillermo Téllez-Isaías
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Project administration, conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, funding, Muhammad Anamul Kabir; writing-original draft, formal analysis, writing-review and editing, Shishir Kumar Nandi; writing-review and editing, funding, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari and Guillermo Téllez-Isaías; writing-review and editing, Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal, Mahbuba Khanam, Md Afsar Ahmed Sumon, Albaris B. Tahiluddin and Lee Seong Wei. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Muhammad Anamul Kabir or Zulhisyam Abdul Kari.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Faculty of Agro-based Industry Animal Ethics Committee, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (File No: UMK/FIAT/ACUE/PG/9/2021) and complied with the National Institute of Health of Malaysia guidelines.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kabir, M.A., Iqbal, M.M., Nandi, S.K. et al. Comparative study of ovarian development in wild and captive-reared long-whiskered Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822). BMC Zool 8, 10 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-023-00172-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-023-00172-x

Keywords

BMC Zoology

ISSN: 2056-3132

Contact us