Table 3 Results of LMM1 for the effect of ventral patch expression (LTE vs HTE) of adult male Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) on male ‘sexual activity’ for which there were data for both LTE and HTE males. Analyses controlled for the number of antler tines and territorial behaviour. Reference levels for factors are shown in brackets. Significant effects are showed in bold (p-value = 0.05). Table also shows variance and standard errors (SE) of random effects (individual and year), as well as the residual variance of the model

From: The dark-ventral-patch of male red deer, a sexual signal that conveys the degree of involvement in rutting behavior